{"id":3560,"date":"2019-09-03T07:23:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-03T07:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/the-codest.localhost\/blog\/ruby-3-0-ruby-and-lesser-known-privacy-control-methods\/"},"modified":"2026-04-27T09:52:00","modified_gmt":"2026-04-27T09:52:00","slug":"ruby-3-0-ruby-i-mniej-znane-metody-kontroli-prywatnosci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thecodest.co\/pl\/blog\/ruby-3-0-ruby-and-lesser-known-privacy-control-methods\/","title":{"rendered":"Ruby 3.0. Ruby i mniej znane metody kontroli prywatno\u015bci"},"content":{"rendered":"

Podstawowe rozwi\u0105zania<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Za\u0142\u00f3\u017cmy, \u017ce u\u017cywamy klasy Foo, kt\u00f3ra ma jedn\u0105 metod\u0119 publiczn\u0105 i jedn\u0105 prywatn\u0105:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

klasa Foo\n  def bar\n    :awesome\n  end\n\n  prywatny\n\n  def baz\n    something_private\n  end\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Wszystko \u015bwietnie, widzimy takie rozwi\u0105zanie praktycznie w ka\u017cdym projekt<\/a>. Bieganie Foo.new.baz<\/code> spowoduje b\u0142\u0105d NoMethodError (prywatna metoda 'baz' wywo\u0142ana dla #)<\/em> i to w\u0142a\u015bnie chcieli\u015bmy zrobi\u0107. Co si\u0119 stanie, je\u015bli spr\u00f3bujemy zmieni\u0107 format zapisu i dodamy private jako przedrostek w definicji klasy?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
klasa Foo\n  def bar\n    :awesome\n  end\n\n  private def baz\n    :something_private\n  end\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Jak wida\u0107 po uruchomieniu kod<\/a>to faktycznie dzia\u0142a! Dlaczego mo\u017cemy wprowadzi\u0107 widoczno\u015b\u0107 metody przed jej wykonaniem? Poniewa\u017c podczas definiowania metody, def zwraca nazw\u0119 metody jako symbol. Wyra\u017cenie to jest nie tylko cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 sk\u0142adni, ale de facto metod\u0105 wywodz\u0105c\u0105 si\u0119 z klasy Module i traktuj\u0105c\u0105 ten symbol jako argument. Wi\u0119cej informacji mo\u017cna znale\u017a\u0107 w dokumentacji w tym linku<\/a>. Skoro zacz\u0119\u0142o si\u0119 tak \u0142atwo od private, spr\u00f3bujmy zmieni\u0107 widoczno\u015b\u0107 metody prywatnej.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
klasa Foo\n  def bar\n    :awesome\n  end\n\n  private def baz\n    :something_private\n  end\n\n  public :baz\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Co si\u0119 stanie po uruchomieniu kodu?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
irb(main):012:0> Foo.new.baz\n=> :something_private<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Sukces! Nasza metoda baz sta\u0142a si\u0119 publiczna, poniewa\u017c uwidocznili\u015bmy j\u0105 dwukrotnie. Oczywi\u015bcie ta sama operacja dotyczy modu\u0142\u00f3w.
\u200b
\u015awietnie, ale sk\u0105d to si\u0119 bierze? my<\/a>?
\u200b
Ta funkcjonalno\u015b\u0107 daje nam wiele, poniewa\u017c mo\u017cemy dowolnie zmienia\u0107 widoczno\u015b\u0107 metody podczas jej definiowania, a nawet zmienia\u0107 widoczno\u015b\u0107 metod podczas ich dziedziczenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Przyjrzyjmy si\u0119 teraz temu, co Ruby<\/a> 2.7 mo\u017ce zmieni\u0107 widoczno\u015b\u0107 alias\u00f3w i akcesor\u00f3w.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
class Foo\n  private attr_accessor :awesome_variable\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Niestety, otrzymujemy b\u0142\u0105d, poniewa\u017c metoda prywatna oczekuje symboli i attr_accessor. Kod zwraca nil, a zatem ta metoda nie jest zgodna z prywatnym u\u017cyciem w Ruby 2.7. Jakie wi\u0119c mamy opcje?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. Mo\u017cemy u\u017cy\u0107 attr_accessor pod s\u0142owem kluczowym private, aby to zadzia\u0142a\u0142o, tj. otrzymamy b\u0142\u0105d, gdy b\u0119dziemy chcieli odwo\u0142a\u0107 si\u0119 do awesome_variableawesome_variable<\/code> metoda.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    class Foo\n  prywatny\n\n  attr_accessor :awesome_variable\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Drug\u0105 opcj\u0105 jest wykonanie metody prywatnej na metodach wygenerowanych przez attr_attribute<\/code>W tym przypadku musimy r\u00f3wnie\u017c pami\u0119ta\u0107 o wpisaniu tam settera.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
      class Foo\n  attr_accessor :awesome_variable\n\n  private :awesome_variable, :awesome_variable=\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      Problemy z attr_ *<\/code> nie s\u0105 jedynymi przeszkodami. T\u0119 sam\u0105 trudno\u015b\u0107 mo\u017cemy napotka\u0107, gdy chcemy utworzy\u0107 prywatny alias.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      class Foo\n  private alias :bar, :awesome_bar\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      <\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Ruby 3.0 i nasza dzia\u0142alno\u015b\u0107<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      Na szcz\u0119\u015bcie Ruby 3.0 wprowadza \u015bwietn\u0105 zmian\u0119, poniewa\u017c metody widoczno\u015bci mog\u0105 przyjmowa\u0107 tablic\u0119 jako argument, a alias metod, attr_ *, mo\u017ce zresetowa\u0107 tablic\u0119 z nazwami metod, kt\u00f3re zosta\u0142y zdefiniowane. Mo\u017cesz przeczyta\u0107 wi\u0119cej tutaj<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Zobaczmy teraz kilka przyk\u0142ad\u00f3w w najnowszym euba i sprawd\u017amy, czy zmiany zosta\u0142y faktycznie wprowadzone i jak mo\u017cemy z nich korzysta\u0107.
      \u200b
      W pierwszym przyk\u0142adzie u\u017cyjmy private przed attr accessor:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      class Foo\n  private attr_accessor :awesome_variable\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      Takie wywo\u0142anie nie spowoduje b\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w w parsowaniu sk\u0142adni i, co wa\u017cne, nie spowoduje b\u0142\u0119d\u00f3w w dzia\u0142aniu funkcji awesome_variable<\/code> iawesome_variable =<\/code>metody staj\u0105 si\u0119 prywatne.
      \u200b
      Metoda aliasu zrobi to samo, ale teraz r\u00f3wnie\u017c zwraca symbol jako nazw\u0119 nowej metody i czyni j\u0105 widoczn\u0105.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      class Foo\n  private alias :bar, :awesome_bar\nend<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      Ciekawostk\u0105 jest fakt, \u017ce mo\u017cemy r\u00f3wnie\u017c zag\u0142\u0119bi\u0107 si\u0119 w kolejne metody, np. rewelacyjn\u0105modu\u0142 print mo\u017ce by\u0107 wywo\u0142any pomi\u0119dzy private i attr<\/em>reader; wa\u017cne jest, aby taka metoda zwraca\u0142a tablic\u0119 z nazwami metod, kt\u00f3re znajduj\u0105 si\u0119 po prawej stronie wyra\u017cenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      class Modu\u0142\n  def awesome_print(names)\n    puts names\n    nazwy\n  end\nend\nclass Foo\n  private awesome_print attr_reader :awesome_bar\nend <\/span><\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
      Podsumowanie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
      Mamy nadziej\u0119, \u017ce ten artyku\u0142 oka\u017ce si\u0119 przydatny! W przypadku dalszych wiadomo\u015bci o Ruby 3.0. czytaj dalej tutaj<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Szcz\u0119\u015bliwego kodowania!<\/p>\n\n\n\n
      \"Oferta<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      Czytaj wi\u0119cej:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Zamknij si\u0119 i bierz swoje pieni\u0105dze #1: Ukryte koszty i prawdziwa elastyczno\u015b\u0107 w procesie rozwoju produktu<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
      Wyzwania CTO - skalowanie i rozw\u00f3j oprogramowania<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
      Jedn\u0105 z najbardziej lubianych cech Rubiego jest jego bardzo elastyczna sk\u0142adnia. Osobi\u015bcie uwielbiam Rubiego za to, jak wiele mo\u017cliwo\u015bci mamy w definiowaniu klas i ich w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci, i to w\u0142a\u015bnie om\u00f3wi\u0119 w tym artykule.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3561,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3560","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-software-development"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRuby 3.0. Ruby and lesser known privacy control methods - The Codest<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"One of the most beloved features of Ruby is its very flexible syntax. 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