{"id":3004,"date":"2022-07-08T11:25:57","date_gmt":"2022-07-08T11:25:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/the-codest.localhost\/blog\/9-mistakes-to-avoid-while-programming-in-java\/"},"modified":"2026-03-09T13:13:14","modified_gmt":"2026-03-09T13:13:14","slug":"9-kludas-no-kuram-jaizvairas-programmejot-java-valoda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thecodest.co\/lv\/blog\/9-mistakes-to-avoid-while-programming-in-java\/","title":{"rendered":"9 k\u013c\u016bdas, no kur\u0101m j\u0101izvair\u0101s, programm\u0113jot Java valod\u0101"},"content":{"rendered":"

Java<\/a><\/strong> ir popul\u0101ra valoda ar stabilu poz\u012bciju pasaul\u0113. programmat\u016bras izstr\u0101de<\/a><\/strong>. T\u0101 ir sp\u0113c\u012bga un daudzpus\u012bga programm\u0113\u0161anas valoda. Aptuveni 3 miljardi ier\u012b\u010du vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 izmanto Java<\/strong> un t\u0101p\u0113c, to izmantojot, tika pie\u013cautas vismaz 3 miljardi k\u013c\u016bdu. \u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 piev\u0113rs\u012bsimies tam, k\u0101 to vairs nedar\u012bt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Vienlaic\u012bgas modifik\u0101cijas iz\u0146\u0113muma sa\u0146em\u0161ana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0160\u012b ir visbie\u017e\u0101k pie\u013caut\u0101 k\u013c\u016bda, ar kuru es sask\u0101ros. Savas karjeras s\u0101kum\u0101 ar\u012b es to pie\u013c\u0101vu daudzas reizes. \u0160\u012b k\u013c\u016bda rodas, kad j\u016bs m\u0113\u0123in\u0101t main\u012bt kolekciju, kam\u0113r to iter\u0113jat. Uz ConcurrentModificationException<\/code> var rasties ar\u012b tad, ja str\u0101d\u0101jat ar vair\u0101kiem pavedieniem, bet pagaid\u0101m piev\u0113rs\u012bsimies pamata scen\u0101rijam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pie\u0146emsim, ka jums ir Kolekcija<\/code> lietot\u0101ju, no kuriem da\u017ei ir pieaugu\u0161ie, bet da\u017ei nav. J\u016bsu uzdevums ir nofiltr\u0113t b\u0113rnus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

for (Lietot\u0101js : lietot\u0101ji) {\n\n   if (!user.isAdult()) {\n\n       users.remove(user);\n\n   }\n\n}\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Iepriek\u0161 min\u0113t\u0101s programmas palai\u0161ana kods<\/a> beidzas ar to, ka ConcurrentModificationException<\/code>. Kur m\u0113s k\u013c\u016bd\u012bj\u0101mies? Pirms iter\u0101cijas pabeig\u0161anas m\u0113s m\u0113\u0123in\u0101j\u0101m no\u0146emt da\u017eus elementus. Tas ar\u012b izrais\u012bja iz\u0146\u0113mumu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\u0160\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 ir vair\u0101kas pieejas, kas var pal\u012bdz\u0113t. Pirmk\u0101rt un galvenok\u0101rt, izmantojiet Java<\/strong> 8's labest\u012bba - Straume<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
List adults = users.stream()\n\n       .filter(User::isAdult)\n\n       .toList();\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Izmantojot Predik\u0101ts<\/code> filtrs, m\u0113s esam izpild\u012bju\u0161i iepriek\u0161\u0113jam nosac\u012bjumam apgriezto darb\u012bbu - tagad m\u0113s nosak\u0101m elementus, kas j\u0101iek\u013cauj. \u0160\u0101das pieejas priek\u0161roc\u012bba ir t\u0101, ka p\u0113c iz\u0146em\u0161anas ir viegli \u0137\u0113d\u0113 piesl\u0113gt citas funkcijas, piem. karte<\/code>. Bet labest\u012bbas d\u0113\u013c. l\u016bdzu, nem\u0113\u0123iniet dar\u012bt kaut ko l\u012bdz\u012bgu zem\u0101k:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
users.stream()\n\n       .filter(v -> !v.isAdult())\n\n       .forEach(users::remove);\n<\/code><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Tas var\u0113tu non\u0101kt ar\u012b ConcurrentModificationException<\/code> jo tiek main\u012bts pl\u016bsmas avots. Tas var ar\u012b rad\u012bt v\u0113l da\u017eus iz\u0146\u0113mumus, kurus neb\u016bs viegli atk\u013c\u016bdot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Lai atrisin\u0101tu ConcurrentModificationException<\/code> vienpavediena scen\u0101rij\u0101. j\u016bs var\u0113tu ar\u012b p\u0101rsl\u0113gties uz tie\u0161u Iterators<\/code> un t\u0101s no\u0146emt()<\/code> metodi, vai ar\u012b varat vienk\u0101r\u0161i neizdz\u0113st elementus iter\u0101cijas laik\u0101. Tom\u0113r mans ieteikums ir izmantot Straumes<\/code> - 2022. gads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2. Paro\u013cu glab\u0101\u0161ana k\u0101 virknes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
T\u0101 k\u0101 arvien vair\u0101k un vair\u0101k nodarbojos ar kiberdro\u0161\u012bbu, es neb\u016btu patiess pret sevi, ja nepiemin\u0113tu vismaz vienu. Java k\u013c\u016bda<\/strong> kas var rad\u012bt dro\u0161\u012bbas probl\u0113mu. No lietot\u0101jiem sa\u0146emto paro\u013cu glab\u0101\u0161ana Virkne<\/code> objekts ir tie\u0161i tas, no k\u0101 jums vajadz\u0113tu baid\u012bties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Jaut\u0101jums (vai varb\u016bt priek\u0161roc\u012bba) par Virkne<\/code> ir tas, ka t\u0101 ir nemain\u012bga. Kibernoziegumu pasaul\u0113 tas rada potenci\u0101lu apdraud\u0113jumu, jo nav iesp\u0113jams izdz\u0113st reiz izveidotas v\u0113rt\u012bbas. Virkne<\/code> objekts. Uzbruc\u0113js, kas piek\u013c\u016bst datora atmi\u0146ai, tur var atrast vienk\u0101r\u0161a teksta paroles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Otrk\u0101rt, virknes Java<\/strong> tiek interned\u0113ti JVM un glab\u0101ti PermGen telp\u0101 vai kaudzes telp\u0101. Kad izveidojat Virkne<\/code> objekts tiek ievietots ke\u0161atmi\u0146\u0101, un tas tiek no\u0146emts tikai tad, kad atkritumu sav\u0101c\u0113js s\u0101k veikt savu darbu. J\u016bs nevarat b\u016bt p\u0101rliecin\u0101ts, kad j\u016bsu parole tiks dz\u0113sta no virk\u0146u p\u016bla, jo atkritumu sav\u0101c\u0113js darbojas nedeterministiski.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Ieteicam\u0101 pieeja ir izmantot char[]<\/code> vai, v\u0113l lab\u0101k, bibliot\u0113ka, kas atbalsta paro\u013cu glab\u0101\u0161anu k\u0101 char[]<\/code>, piem.Password4j<\/a>. Port\u0101ls char[]<\/code> mas\u012bvs ir main\u012bgs, un p\u0113c t\u0101 inicializ\u0113\u0161anas to var main\u012bt. P\u0113c paroles apstr\u0101des var vienk\u0101r\u0161i izdz\u0113st char[]<\/code> paroles mas\u012bvu, ierakstot taj\u0101 izlases rakstz\u012bmes. Ja uzbruc\u0113ji piek\u013c\u016bs j\u016bsu datora atmi\u0146ai, vi\u0146i redz\u0113s tikai da\u017eas nejau\u0161as v\u0113rt\u012bbas, kur\u0101m nav nek\u0101da sakara ar lietot\u0101ju paroli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3. Iz\u0146\u0113mumu (ne)apstr\u0101de<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Ies\u0101c\u0113ji un ar\u012b pieredz\u0113ju\u0161\u0101ki programm\u0113t\u0101ji nezina, k\u0101 pareizi r\u012bkoties ar iz\u0146\u0113mumiem. Vi\u0146u galvenais gr\u0113ks \u0161aj\u0101 jaut\u0101jum\u0101 ir to ignor\u0113\u0161ana. T\u0100 NEKAD NAV LABA PIEEJA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Diem\u017e\u0113l m\u0113s nevaram pied\u0101v\u0101t risin\u0101jumu, kas b\u016btu piem\u0113rots ikvienam klientam. Iz\u0146\u0113mums<\/code>s\" scen\u0101riju, ar ko saskaraties. Par katru gad\u012bjumu ir j\u0101dom\u0101 atsevi\u0161\u0137i. Tom\u0113r m\u0113s varam sniegt da\u017eus padomus, k\u0101 s\u0101kt darbu pie \u0161\u012b temata.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    \n
  1. \n
    ignor\u0113\u0161ana Iz\u0146\u0113mums<\/code>s nekad nav laba prakse. Iz\u0146\u0113mums<\/code>ir ievietoti k\u0101da iemesla d\u0113\u013c, t\u0101p\u0113c tos nevajadz\u0113tu ignor\u0113t.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \n
    try {...} catch(Iz\u0146\u0113mums e) { log(e); }<\/code> reti kad ir pareiza pieeja Iz\u0146\u0113mums<\/code> apstr\u0101de.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \n
    Rethrow Iz\u0146\u0113mums<\/code>, lietot\u0101jam par\u0101d\u012bt k\u013c\u016bdas dialoglodzi\u0146u vai vismaz pievienot visaptvero\u0161u zi\u0146ojumu \u017eurn\u0101lam.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \n
    Ja iz\u0146\u0113mumus atst\u0101j\u0101t neapstr\u0101d\u0101tus (ko nevajadz\u0113tu dar\u012bt), vismaz paskaidrojiet koment\u0101r\u0101.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n
    4. Nulles izmanto\u0161ana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Diem\u017e\u0113l ir diezgan bie\u017ei sastopama Java funkcija, kas da\u017eos gad\u012bjumos atgrie\u017e null<\/code>. Probl\u0113ma ir t\u0101, ka \u0161\u0101da funkcija liek klientam veikt rezult\u0101ta nulles p\u0101rbaudi. Bez t\u0101s NullPointerException<\/code> tiek izmests.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Otra lieta ir iet null<\/code> v\u0113rt\u012bba. K\u0101p\u0113c j\u016bs par to visp\u0101r dom\u0101j\u0101t? \u0160\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 funkcijai ir j\u0101veic nulles p\u0101rbaude. Izmantojot tre\u0161o pu\u0161u bibliot\u0113kas, j\u016bs nevarat main\u012bt funkciju iek\u0161pusi. Ko tad dar\u012bt?<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    V\u0113l svar\u012bg\u0101k ir tas, ka citi izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji, kas lasa j\u016bsu kodu un redz, ka j\u016bs nododat null<\/code> dro\u0161i vien b\u016bs neizpratn\u0113 par to, k\u0101p\u0113c izv\u0113l\u0113j\u0101ties tik d\u012bvainu veidu, k\u0101 \u012bstenot savu funkciju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Neatgrieziet null<\/code> v\u0113rt\u012bba! Nekad! Ja j\u016bsu funkcija atgrie\u017e k\u0101da veida Kolekcija<\/code>, varat vienk\u0101r\u0161i atgriezt tuk\u0161u Kolekcija<\/code>. Ja str\u0101d\u0101jat ar atsevi\u0161\u0137iem objektiem, varat izmantot nulles objekta projekt\u0113\u0161anas modeli. T\u0101 k\u0101 Java<\/strong> 8, tas tiek \u012bstenots k\u0101 P\u0113c izv\u0113les<\/code>. Cita, vismaz\u0101k ieteicam\u0101 pieeja ir paaugstin\u0101t Iz\u0146\u0113mums<\/code>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    5. Smag\u0101 virknes savieno\u0161ana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Cerams, ka t\u0101 nav j\u016bsu k\u013c\u016bda, jo tas ir vispopul\u0101r\u0101kais (vai varb\u016bt otrs popul\u0101r\u0101kais p\u0113c FizzBuzz) intervijas jaut\u0101jums. K\u0101 jums jau vajadz\u0113tu zin\u0101t, a Virkne<\/code> objekts ir nemain\u012bgs Java<\/strong> - p\u0113c izveido\u0161anas to nevar main\u012bt. T\u0101tad savieno\u0161ana Virkne<\/code> liter\u0101li noz\u012bm\u0113 daudz nevajadz\u012bgas atmi\u0146as pie\u0161\u0137ir\u0161anas. Saskait\u012b\u0161ana Virkne<\/code> objektiem katru reizi ir j\u0101izveido pagaidu StringBuilder<\/code> objektu un mainot to atpaka\u013c uz virkni. T\u0101p\u0113c \u0161is risin\u0101jums ir piln\u012bgi nepiem\u0113rots, ja v\u0113lamies apvienot lielu skaitu rakstz\u012bmju.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Lai atrisin\u0101tu \u0161o probl\u0113mu, izmantojiet StringBuilder<\/code>. Tas rada main\u0101mu objektu, ar kuru var viegli manipul\u0113t. Protams, vienm\u0113r varat izmantot StringBuffer<\/code> ja j\u016bsu projekts<\/a> tiek izmantots vienlaic\u012bg\u0101 kontekst\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    6. Eso\u0161o risin\u0101jumu neizmanto\u0161ana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Izstr\u0101d\u0101jot programmat\u016bru, ir oblig\u0101ti j\u0101zina valodas, kur\u0101 rakst\u0101t, pamati, ta\u010du ar to vien nepietiek. Daudzas algoritmisk\u0101s probl\u0113mas, ar kur\u0101m sask\u0101r\u0101ties, ievie\u0161ot jaunu funkciju, jau ir atrisin\u0101jis k\u0101ds cits. P\u0101r\u0101k daudz rei\u017eu esmu redz\u0113jis, k\u0101 k\u0101ds \u012bsteno dro\u0161\u012bbas algoritmu no nulles. \u0160\u0101da pieeja ir pak\u013cauta k\u013c\u016bd\u0101m. Viens cilv\u0113ks nevar r\u016bp\u012bgi p\u0101rbaud\u012bt tik sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu risin\u0101jumu. Kolekt\u012bv\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas komanda<\/a> kas sast\u0101v no vid\u0113ji progres\u0113ju\u0161iem programm\u0113t\u0101jiem, gandr\u012bz vienm\u0113r ir lab\u0101ka nek\u0101 viena br\u012bnumb\u0113rna di\u017eenums. Java izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101js<\/a><\/strong>. Jums nav j\u0101izgudro ritenis no jauna - jums tikai j\u0101piel\u0101go eso\u0161ais risin\u0101jums, lai tas atbilstu j\u016bsu vajadz\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    M\u0113\u0123iniet mekl\u0113t bibliot\u0113kas, kur\u0101s tiek risin\u0101ta probl\u0113ma, ar kuru str\u0101d\u0101jat. M\u0113\u0123iniet atrast l\u012bdz\u012bgus risin\u0101jumus. Daudzas no bibliot\u0113k\u0101m, kas ir pieejamas vietn\u0113 t\u012bmek\u013ca vietne<\/a> ir bezmaksas, un t\u0101s ir uzlaboju\u0161i un p\u0101rbaud\u012bju\u0161i pieredz\u0113ju\u0161i izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji un visa Java kopiena. Nebaidieties t\u0101s izmantot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    7. Neatrod pietiekami daudz laika testu rakst\u012b\u0161anai<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Ir vilino\u0161i tic\u0113t, ka m\u016bsu kods vienm\u0113r darbosies perfekti. Kodam testu nerakst\u012b\u0161ana ir visliel\u0101kais gr\u0113ks. Java programmat\u016bras izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji<\/a><\/strong>. Daudzi no mums<\/a> dod priek\u0161roku manu\u0101lajiem un izp\u0113tes testiem, nevis vien\u012bbas testiem, kas ir nepr\u0101t\u012bgi.  K\u0101p\u0113c t\u0113r\u0113t laiku testu rakst\u012b\u0161anai, ja var koncentr\u0113ties uz pasaul\u0113 lab\u0101k\u0101 koda nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anu savam projektam, kur\u0101 noteikti nav k\u013c\u016bdu?&ltjoke>. Izr\u0101d\u0101s, realit\u0101te ir ne\u017e\u0113l\u012bga, un m\u0113s nevaram nodro\u0161in\u0101t augstas kvalit\u0101tes kodu bez testu rakst\u012b\u0161anas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Jums vienm\u0113r ir j\u0101sagatavo sava koda testi. Es zinu, ka TDD pieeju nav tik viegli uztur\u0113t, bet jums vismaz vajadz\u0113tu nodro\u0161in\u0101t testus, kas aptver visus nosac\u012bjumus, k\u0101dos var palaist j\u016bsu kodu. Tas ietver ar\u012b \u0101rk\u0101rtas situ\u0101ciju test\u0113\u0161anu. Vien\u012bbas testi ir nepiecie\u0161ami. Jums tie j\u0101nodro\u0161ina katrai projekta funkcijai, ja v\u0113laties, lai j\u016bsu kods b\u016btu viegli refaktorific\u0113jams un papla\u0161in\u0101ms turpm\u0101kaj\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
    V\u0113l viena lieta. Uzturiet augstu test\u0113\u0161anas koda standartu - tas b\u016bs t\u0101 v\u0113rts. Tas ir t\u0113vo\u010da Boba padoms, un es tam piln\u012bb\u0101 piekr\u012btu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Turkl\u0101t neaizmirstiet ar\u012b par citiem testu veidiem. Integr\u0101cijas testi ir lieta, kas j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 katr\u0101 projekt\u0101.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    8. Aizmir\u0161ana par piek\u013cuves modifikatoriem<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    Priv\u0101ts un publisks, vai ne? K\u0101 m\u0113s varam par tiem aizmirst. Izr\u0101d\u0101s, to ir vair\u0101k. Kad pirmo reizi s\u0101k\u0101t m\u0101c\u012bties Java<\/strong>, j\u016bs noteikti uzzin\u0101j\u0101t par aizsarg\u0101tiem piek\u013cuves modifikatoriem. Da\u017eos gad\u012bjumos tie var b\u016bt noder\u012bgi, t\u0101p\u0113c ir v\u0113rts zin\u0101t par to esam\u012bbu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Java izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji<\/a><\/strong> bie\u017ei vien aizmirst par paketes darb\u012bbas jomu. To ir viegli nepiemin\u0113t, jo t\u0101 ir netie\u0161a un neprasa nek\u0101du Java<\/strong> atsl\u0113gv\u0101rdi. Svar\u012bga ir paketes darb\u012bbas joma. T\u0101 \u013cauj test\u0113t aizsarg\u0101tu metodi. Aizsarg\u0101tie elementi ir pieejami no testa klases ce\u013ca, ja vien pakete ir t\u0101da pati.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    Atcerieties par aizsarg\u0101to modifikatoru un to, ka paketes darb\u012bbas joma \u013cauj to p\u0101rbaud\u012bt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    9. T\u012bras JavaEE, nevis Spring izmanto\u0161ana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
    N\u0101kamais solis p\u0113c m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s Java<\/strong> SE ir iem\u0101c\u012bties, k\u0101 palaist Java<\/strong> serveros, k\u0101 izveidot uz\u0146\u0113muma l\u012bme\u0146a lietojumprogrammu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Jaunpien\u0101c\u0113ji nereti nok\u013c\u016bst JavaEE apg\u016b\u0161anas slazd\u0101, jo par to ir \u013coti daudz m\u0101c\u012bbu materi\u0101lu. Pat \"Thinking in Java Java programm\u0113t\u0101ji<\/strong>' b\u012bbel\u0113 ir min\u0113ta JavaEE un nekas nav teikts par cit\u0101m iesp\u0113j\u0101m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    K\u0101 no t\u0101 izvair\u012bties?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
    JavaEE ir pag\u0101tnes dziesma. M\u016bsdien\u0101s pavasaris ir k\u013cuvis par ikdieni\u0161\u0137u lietu, un Java EE ir tikai jauka lieta. Katr\u0101 modern\u0101 uz\u0146\u0113muma l\u012bme\u0146a lietojumprogramm\u0101 tiek izmantots Spring, t\u0101p\u0113c jums noteikti vajadz\u0113tu apsv\u0113rt iesp\u0113ju apg\u016bt to \u0161eit<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
    \"Iepaz\u012bstieties<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    Las\u012bt vair\u0101k:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Pareizais veids, k\u0101 atrast lab\u0101kos Java izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jus<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Lab\u0101kais Java projektu veids<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
    Lab\u0101k\u0101s programm\u0113\u0161anas valodas finan\u0161u tehnolo\u0123iju uz\u0146\u0113mumiem<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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